At the beginning of Phase 1, the MIS organization
reported separately through three different parts of the Company
(Operations, Finance and Customer Service.) Since reporting was
split and our leadership was not clearly defined, we carefully
selected a small team (six of us) representing all parts of the
125-person department. No area was excluded, ensuring support from
all department constituencies.
When planning Phase 2, we decided to balance
empowerment with personal accountability by naming team leaders
for each issue. The team leaders, we stressed, would be personally
responsible for their issues, and would deliver the presentation to
top management themselves. This "created a crisis" and
made it personal for each of them. We asked for volunteers, who
submitted a statement of qualifications; we hand-picked the leaders
by consensus of the Phase 1 veterans. We chose a combination of
well-established MIS leaders and those we believed were future
leaders.
Loose/Tight Work Plan
Work
plans
were developed for both phases. These work plans drew on a formal
MIS strategic planning methodology (see Figure 4) for the approach
and early (data gathering) activities. Later activities, however,
were intentionally left open-ended (loose). In this way, we
avoided the "fallacy of formalization" discussed earlier.
Our group worked hard not to over-structure the plan (and thus
prejudge the outcome of the project). But we needed enough structure
to guide the project and keep it moving toward a timely conclusion.
Missing deadlines would risk our credibility. Modest adjustments
to the work plan were made throughout the project, as we learned
from experience. The final deliverables of both phases were
different than any of us could have envisioned in the beginning (a
good measure of true learning!)
In Phase 2, our workplan started with the
presentation date we had committed to, and backscheduled the tasks
that must produce it. We established key milestones around the
presentation but left detailed planning up to the project leaders.
We stressed their autonomy in running their teams, subject only to
the macro dates we had signed up for. Team leaders chose their team
members, set their own meeting schedules, and ran their teams as
they chose. The core group coordinated and assisted individual teams
as needed.
Keep the End in Mind
One early lesson learned by all successful project managers is
the need to maintain a vigilant focus on the desired project outcome.
As Steven Covey says, "begin with the end in mind."6
For change projects, this means identifying the target audience (the
person or group who must approve or
implement
the desired change). It also means identifying outputs or outcomes
from the project during the planning phase, and building tasks into
the plan to ensure that all outputs will be produced. Finally, each
output must be adequately time-phased so that the project will meet
its overall deadline. The change project manager is responsible for
seeing that this focus is developed and sustained throughout the
project.
Early in Phase 1, we recognized the need to
assess top management's mindset toward MIS (before seeking to change
it.) To do this, we surveyed and interviewed key top and middle
managers. We mailed an interview questionnaire containing specific
questions, and followed with a personal interview. The questions
began with specific business issues and directions, and subtly (we
thought) moved to attitudes toward MIS. Though these interviews
yielded few truly new issues, they effectively revealed the mindsets
operating at the senior management level. This proved to be critical
when we later set to change those mindsets. It helped us understand
our target audience.
Literature Search and Sharing
We read everything we could find that related to
our subject. This included MIS and business publications,
periodicals, books, consultants' briefings, business and technical
research reports, financial analysts' reports, competitor analyses,
futurists' predictions, vendor propaganda, and more. Everybody was
copied on everything we found. In this way, we educated ourselves,
focused on the "whole system," and built a database of
research that supported our findings.
Use of Graphics and Metaphors
Given management's preference for left-handed
style material, we borrowed and created metaphors and relied on
graphics for the presentations. This was both more interesting and
more effective for our audience. When people enjoy a presentation,
they are more open to its influence.
To be Continued
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